1. Policy Statement

Journal of Business & Banking (JBB) is committed to maintaining the accuracy, reliability, transparency, and integrity of the scholarly record. The journal recognizes that errors, inaccuracies, or ethical concerns may be identified after an article has been published.

JBB establishes this Correction and Retraction Policy to ensure that any concerns affecting published articles are addressed fairly, consistently, transparently, and in a timely manner.

The journal follows the principles and recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), particularly the COPE Retraction Guidelines, in determining appropriate post-publication actions.

The primary purpose of corrections and retractions is to preserve the integrity of the scholarly literature, inform readers of significant changes to published research, and ensure the reliability of scientific information.

Corrections and retractions are intended to maintain the accuracy of the academic record rather than to punish authors.

2. Scope of the Policy

This policy applies to all scholarly articles published in Journal of Business & Banking, including research articles, review articles, conceptual papers, and other academic contributions.

The policy covers concerns related to:

• Errors in published data, statistical analyses, tables, figures, or references.

• Inaccurate interpretation or reporting of research findings.

• Methodological errors that affect the reliability of research conclusions.

• Plagiarism, duplicate publication, or substantial textual overlap.

• Data fabrication, data falsification, or manipulation of research results.

• Authorship disputes and undisclosed conflicts of interest.

• Ethical violations identified after publication.

• Other circumstances that may compromise the integrity or reliability of published research.

The Editorial Board evaluates each case individually based on the nature, severity, and potential consequences of the identified issue.

3. Corrections

JBB may issue a formal correction when errors are identified in a published article but the overall findings, scientific validity, and principal conclusions remain reliable.

Corrections may be appropriate for errors involving numerical data, statistical calculations, tables, figures, author information, references, or other substantive details that require clarification.

Corrections may be initiated by the authors, editors, reviewers, readers, or other concerned parties.

The editorial team will assess whether the identified errors require a formal correction notice.

When a formal correction is necessary, JBB will:

1. Publish a clearly identified correction notice.

2. Identify the original article, including its title, authors, publication details, and DOI where available.

3. Explain the nature of the error and provide the corrected information.

4. Establish a clear link between the correction notice and the original article.

5. Preserve the transparency and accessibility of the publication record.

Minor typographical or formatting errors that do not affect scientific interpretation may be corrected without issuing a separate formal notice, provided that any necessary changes remain transparent.

4. Retractions

JBB may retract a published article when reliable evidence demonstrates that its findings, conclusions, or scholarly content are seriously compromised.

A retraction may be considered under the following circumstances:

• The article contains unreliable findings resulting from major methodological errors, miscalculations, data fabrication, or data falsification.

• The article contains substantial plagiarism or unauthorized reproduction of previously published material.

• The article represents redundant or duplicate publication without appropriate disclosure or justification.

• The publication involves serious ethical violations or research misconduct.

• The article contains manipulated or fraudulent peer-review information.

• The research violates applicable ethical requirements in ways that materially undermine the integrity of the publication.

• Other serious concerns make the article's findings or conclusions unreliable.

The decision to retract an article will be based on the available evidence and the seriousness of the identified problem.

The Editor-in-Chief holds final responsibility for retraction decisions, taking into account recommendations from the Editorial Board and independent experts when necessary.

Authors' agreement is not a prerequisite for issuing a retraction when sufficient evidence supports the decision.

5. Retraction Procedure

JBB follows a systematic and transparent procedure when evaluating potential retractions.

5.1. Identification of Concerns

Concerns may be reported by authors, readers, reviewers, editors, academic institutions, or other relevant parties.

Reports should include sufficient information to identify the article and explain the alleged error or ethical concern.

5.2. Preliminary Editorial Assessment

The editorial team conducts an initial assessment to determine whether the reported concern warrants further investigation.

The Editor-in-Chief may request additional documentation, data, explanations, or expert opinions.

5.3. Communication with Authors

The corresponding author and, when appropriate, other co-authors will be informed of the concerns and given a reasonable opportunity to provide explanations or supporting evidence.

5.4. Investigation and Evaluation

The Editorial Board evaluates the available evidence and may consult independent experts or relevant academic institutions when necessary.

All investigations must follow principles of fairness, confidentiality, impartiality, and procedural transparency.

5.5. Editorial Decision

Based on the investigation, the Editor-in-Chief may determine that no further action is necessary or decide to issue a correction, an expression of concern, or a retraction.

5.6. Publication of Retraction Notice

If a retraction is warranted, JBB will publish a formal retraction notice explaining the reasons for the decision and identifying the affected article.

The journal will publish the notice as promptly as reasonably possible once sufficient evidence supports retraction.

6. Retraction Notice and Article Status

When an article is retracted, JBB will ensure that the retraction notice is clear, transparent, publicly accessible, and linked to the original publication.

The retraction notice should include:

1. The title and bibliographic details of the retracted article.

2. The names of the authors and the article's DOI, where available.

3. A clear statement identifying the article as retracted.

4. The reasons for retraction and the evidence supporting the decision.

5. The party responsible for initiating or issuing the retraction, where appropriate.

6. The publication date of the retraction notice.

The original article will generally remain available in the journal's online archive to preserve the historical scholarly record.

Where technically feasible, the article's PDF and online versions will be clearly marked "RETRACTED" and linked to the corresponding retraction notice.

JBB will take appropriate steps to update article metadata and notify relevant indexing or registration services where supported.

7. Expressions of Concern

JBB may publish an Expression of Concern when serious questions arise regarding the integrity or reliability of a published article, but the available evidence is insufficient to justify a correction or retraction.

An Expression of Concern may be appropriate when:

• There is credible but inconclusive evidence of possible research misconduct.

• An investigation is ongoing and its findings may significantly affect the reliability of the article.

• Relevant institutions are unable or unwilling to investigate serious allegations.

• An investigation cannot reach a sufficiently reliable conclusion, but significant concerns remain unresolved.

The Expression of Concern will identify the affected article and explain the nature of the unresolved concerns without presenting unverified allegations as established facts.

The journal may update, replace, or supplement the notice when further evidence becomes available.

8. Article Removal

JBB generally does not remove published articles from its online archive, even when they have been retracted.

Complete removal may be considered only in exceptional circumstances, including situations involving serious legal violations, privacy breaches, defamatory content, or other significant risks that cannot be adequately addressed through a correction or retraction notice.

When removal is necessary, the journal will preserve an appropriate bibliographic record and, where legally permissible, provide a public explanation of the removal.

Such decisions will be made in consultation with the publisher and relevant authorities when necessary.

9. Responsibilities of Authors

Authors are responsible for ensuring the accuracy, originality, and integrity of their published research.

If authors discover significant errors or inaccuracies in their published articles, they must promptly notify the JBB Editorial Office and provide relevant supporting information.

Authors are expected to cooperate with editorial investigations, provide accurate explanations, submit requested documentation, and assist in preparing corrections when appropriate.

Failure to cooperate does not prevent the journal from taking corrective action when reliable evidence supports such action.

10. Editorial Responsibilities

The Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board are responsible for maintaining the integrity of published articles and ensuring that post-publication concerns receive appropriate consideration.

The editorial team must:

• Evaluate reported concerns objectively and without discrimination.

• Maintain confidentiality where appropriate.

• Avoid conflicts of interest during investigations.

• Provide authors with an opportunity to respond.

• Seek independent expert advice when necessary.

• Make decisions based on verifiable evidence.

• Ensure that corrections and retractions are clearly communicated to readers.

When an editor has a conflict of interest involving the affected article, the case should be assigned to an independent editor or another qualified editorial representative.

11. Appeals and Complaints

Authors or other concerned parties may submit appeals regarding correction or retraction decisions.

Appeals must include a clear explanation of the disputed decision and relevant supporting evidence.

The Editor-in-Chief will evaluate the appeal and may seek independent advice when necessary.

An appeal does not automatically suspend an editorial action intended to protect the integrity of the scholarly record.

JBB will consider substantive new evidence and may revise its editorial decision when justified.

12. Transparency and Publication Record

JBB is committed to ensuring that corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions remain accessible and identifiable.

The journal will maintain appropriate links between original articles and related editorial notices.

Where applicable, JBB will update the associated publication metadata to reflect the current status of the article.

The journal will not silently alter substantive findings, conclusions, or research data in published articles without appropriate disclosure.

These practices aim to ensure that readers, researchers, indexing services, and other stakeholders can accurately identify the status and reliability of published research.

13. Compliance with Publication Ethics

This policy is implemented in accordance with JBB's Editorial Policy, Publication Ethics Policy, and relevant COPE guidance.

The journal seeks to ensure that all corrective actions are proportionate to the identified concerns and consistent with internationally recognized standards of responsible scholarly publishing.

JBB reserves the right to update this policy to reflect developments in publication ethics, editorial best practices, and scholarly communication standards.

14. Reporting Errors and Ethical Concerns

Authors, readers, reviewers, and other stakeholders who identify possible errors or ethical concerns in published articles are encouraged to contact the JBB Editorial Office.

Reports should include the article title, DOI or URL, a clear description of the concern, and any relevant supporting evidence.

Editorial Contact

Journal of Business & Banking (JBB)
Center for Research & Community Service
Universitas Hayam Wuruk Perbanas
Surabaya, Indonesia

Email: jbb@perbanas.ac.id

Website: https://journal.perbanas.ac.id/index.php/jbb/index

JBB will evaluate reported concerns responsibly and take appropriate editorial action to maintain the accuracy, credibility, and integrity of the scholarly record.