Understanding Tax Amnesty and Tax Compliance in Indonesia: an Institutional Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v22i3.1810Keywords:
Tax Amnesty, Tax Compliance, AEOI, Institutional TheoryAbstract
This study was motivated by one of President Joko Widodo’s projects, which is to build better infrastructure in Indonesia. Tax amnesty is used as a way of receiving undeclared assets expecting that Indonesia revenues will increase. This study focuses on the perception of both tax consultants and taxpayers. The interview was conducted to explore the points of interest as it was being developed. The analysis was done using institutional theory, analysis and discussion on their behavior towards tax amnesty are given based on the result of the research. This research uses interpretivism perspective to examine the meaning created by a human that differentiate human from physical phenomena. The data were collected from secondary data, archival data and complemented with semi-structured interviews. The finding suggests three themes associated with institutionalization of taxpayer compliance, namely rules and regulation, political economy, and social powers. These themes generate pressures on coercive isomorphism, as well as normative isomorphism. The result suggests establishing synergy and a dialectical process between the tax authorities and the taxpayer in conducting coaching, monitoring and fair enforcing of law to support taxpayer compliance.References
Allingham, M. G., Sandmo, A., (1972). Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical Analysis, Journal of Public Economics, 1, p.323-338.
Alm, J., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Wallace, S. (2007). Working Paper: Do Tax Amnesties Work? The Revenue Effects of Tax Amnesties During the Transition in the Russian Federation. Georgia: Georgia State University.
Alm, J., Martinez-Vazquez, J., & Wallace, S. (2009). Do Tax Amnesties Work? The Revenue Effects of Tax Amnesties during the Transition in the Russian Federation. Economic Analysis & Policy, Volume 39, Number 2, 235-253.
Amenta, E., & Ramsey, K. (2010). Chapter 2: Institutional Theory. In K. Leicht & J. Jenkins, Handbook of Politics: State and Society in Global Perspective, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research (pp. 15-39). Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Ashworth, R., Boyne, G., & Delbridge, R. (2009). Escape from the Iron Cage? Organizational Change and Isomorphic Pressures in the Public Sector. Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory, 19(1), 165–187.
Aziz, A. (2017). Akses Keuangan Untuk Perpajakan. Media Keuangan, (XII/117), 20-24. Retrieved from https://www.kemenkeu.go.id/media/4963/media-keuangan-juni-2.pdf
Bank Mandiri. (2017). Indonensia Update. Office of Chief Economis of Bank Mandiri. Retrieved from http://www.bankmandiri.co.id/indonesia/eriview-pdf/PLCJ25418388.pdf
Bunjamin, T., & Meliana, H. (2016). INDONESIA TAX AMNESTY UPDATE: Further implementing regulations provide more clarity as phase one ends.
Retrieved October 26, 2017, from http://www.hbtlaw.com/: http://www.hbtlaw.com/assets/files/Indonesia_Tax%20_Amnesty%20_Updat e.pdf
Center for Indonesia Taxation Analysis. (2016). Exchange of Information: Peluang dan Tantangan. Retrieved October 24, 2017, from
http://www.cita.or.id/: http://www.cita.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Exchange-of-Information-Peluang-dan-Tantangan.pdf
Chittenden, F., & Foster, H. (2008). Perspectives on Fair Tax. London: The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants.
Crank, J. (2003). Institutional theory of police: a review of the state of the art. Policing: An International Journal Of Police Strategies & Management, 26(2), 186-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639510310475723
Davis, J. S., Hecth, G., & Perkins, J. D. (2003). Social Behaviors, Enforcement, and Tax Compliance Dynamics. The Accounting Review,78, 1.
DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. (1983). “The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields,†American Sociological Review 48:147-60
DiMaggio, Paul J., and Walter W. Powell. (1991). “Introduction.†Pp. 1-38 in The New Institutionalism in Organization Analysis, Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Direktorat Jenderal Pajak. (2014). “Wahyu K. Tumakaka: Otonomi Pajak Adalah Kebutuhan Negara, Bukan DJP yang Ingin ‘Merdeka’â€, diakses pada 25 Maret 2015 dari http://www.pajak.go.id/content/wahju-k-tumakaka-otonomi-pajak-adalah-kebutuhan-negara-bukan-djp-yang-ingin-merdeka.
Direktorat Jenderal Pajak. (2014). “Rizal Djalil, Darussalam, dan Harry Azhar Bicara Tentang Ditjen Pajakâ€, accessed on October 2015 from http://www.pajak.go.id/content/rizal-djalil-darussalam-dan-harry-azhar-azis-bicara-tentang-ditjen-pajak.
Eldijk, A. P. (2017). Master Thesis Fiscal Law: Exchange of Information.
Netherlands: Tilburg University.
Elo, S., & Kyngas, H. (2008). The Qualitative Content Analysis Process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107-115.
Feld, L. P., Bruno, S.F., (2002). Trust Breeds Trust: How Taxpayers are Treated.
Economics of Governance, 3, pp. 87-99.
Frumkin, P., & Galaskiewicz, J. (2004). Institutional Isomorphism and Public Sector Organizations. Journal Of Public Administration Research And Theory, 14(3), 283-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muh028
Gobene, L. B., & Van Dijke. M., (2015). Power, justice, and Trus: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Tax Compliance Among Ethopian Business Owners. Journal Of Economic Psyhology, 52 (2016) 23-37.
Hermansyah, A. (2017). Indonesia drafting rules to end bank secrecy. The Jakarta
Post. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/02/23/indonesia-drafting-rules-to-end-bank-secrecy.html
Hogan Lovells. (2015, November). Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement. Retrieved October 25, 2017, from https://www.hoganlovells.com/: https://www.hoganlovells.com/publications/multilateral-competent-authority-agreement
Huala, A., (2004). Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta.
Ibrahim, M. A., Myrna, R., Irawati, I., & Kristiadi, J. B. (2017). A Systematic Literature Review on Tax Amnesty in 9 Asian Countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Volume 7, Number 3, 220-225.
Jefriando, M. (2016, September 16). Ditjen Pajak: Deklarasi Harta WNI di Luar Negeri Mayoritas dari Singapura. Retrieved November 6, 2017, from
https://finance.detik.com/: https://finance.detik.com/ekonomi-bisnis/3299616/ditjen-pajak-deklarasi-harta-wni-di-luar-negeri-may
Jefriando, M. (2016). Ini Daftar Lembaga Keuangan yang Jadi Gateway Dana
Repatriasi. detikfinance. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-3301573/ini-daftar-lembaga-keuangan-yang-jadi-gateway-dana-repatriasi
Jenkins, Glenn P. (1994). Modernization of Tax Administrations: Revenue Boards and Privatization as Instruments for Change. International Tax Program Harvard Institute for International Development.
Jepperson, Ronald L. (1991). “Institutions, institutional effects, and institutionalization.†Pp. 143-63 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kirchler, E., & Wahl, I. (2010). Tax compliance inventory tax-I: Designing an inventory for surveys of tax compliance.Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(3),331–346.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.01.002
Konfrontasi. (2016). Menkeu Sri Mulyani: Orang-Orang Kaya Pengemplang Pajak. Sungguh Keji!. Konfrontasi. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from https://www.konfrontasi.com/content/politik/menkeu-sri-mulyani-orang-orang-kaya-pengemplang-pajak-sungguh-keji
Laury, S., & Wallace, S. (2005). Confidentiality and Taxpayer Compliance.
National TaxJournal, 58, 3.
Manurung, S. (2013). Kompleksitas Kepatuhan Pajak | Direktorat Jenderal Pajak.
Pajak.go.id. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from http://www.pajak.go.id/content/article/kompleksitas-kepatuhan-pajak
Meilani, H. (2016). Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Program Pengampunan Pajak Periode Pertama. Majalah Info Singkat Ekonomi dan Kebijakan, Volume VIII, Nomor 18, 13-16.
Misu, N. B.-. (2011). A Review of Factors for Tax Compliance. Fascicle I.
Economics and AppliedInformatics, 1/2011.
Murphy, K. (2004). The role of trust in nurturing compliance: A study of accused tax avoiders. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 187–209
Novalius, F. (2017, Juny 9). Program AEoI, Sri Mulyani: Kalau Tidak Ikut,
Negara Dianggap Tak Kooperatif. Retrieved: November 7, 2017, from
https://economy.okezone.com/read/2017/06/09/20/1712356/program-aeoi-sri-mulyani-kalau-tidak-ikut-negara-dianggap-tak-kooperatif
OECD. (2012, July 23). Authomatic Exchange of Information: What It Is, How It Works, Benefits, What Remains to be Done. Retrieved October 24, 2017,
From http://www.oecd.org/ctp/exchange-of-tax-information/automatic-exchange-of-information-report.pdf
Pertiwi, R. N., Azizah, D. F., & Kurniawan, B. C. (2014). Analisis Efektivitas Pemungutan Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (Studi pada Dinas Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Kota Probolinggo). Jurnal Perpajakan, 3(1), 1-7.
Powell, W. (2007). The New Institutionalism. The International Encyclopedi A of Organization Studies, 1-11. Retrieved from https://web.stanford.edu/group/song/papers/NewInstitutionalism.pdf
Putri, W. (2017). Tax Amnesty and Asset Repatriation in Indonesia. Rotterdam:
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam.
PwC Network. (2016, September 26). OECD's Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters. Retrieved November 7, 2017, from https://www.pwc.com.pk/en/tax-memorandum/Note%20on%20OECD%27s%20Multilateral%20Convention %20on%20Administrative%20Assistance%20in%20Tax%20Matters.pdf
Quddus, G. G. (2017, July 18). Perppu AEoI, pakar beda pandangan. Retrieved
November 7, 2017, from http://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/perppu-aeoi-pakar-beda-pandangan
Revenue. (2017). What is Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI)? Retrieved
October 24, 2017, from https://www.revenue.ie/en/companies-and-harities/documents/aeoi/faqs-aeoi.pdf
Saraçoğlu, O. F., & Çaşkurlu, E. (2011). Tax Amnesty with Effects and Effecting Aspects: Tax Compliance, Tax Audits and Enforcements Around;
The Turkish Case. International Journal of Business and Social Science, Volume 2, Number 7, 95-103.
Sari, E. (2017). Pengemplang Pajak Tak Bisa Lari, Sekalipun ke 'Tax Haven'. CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from http://Mengenal AEOI, Program yang Membuat Pengemplang Pajak Tidak Bisa Kabur
Saunders, M., & Bristow, A. (2015). Research Methods for Business Students (Chapter 4) "Understanding Research Philosophy and Approaches To Theory Development.
Scott, W. Richard. (2001). Institutions and Organizations.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Setyaningsih, T., & Okfitasari, A. (2016). Mengapa Wajib Pajak Mengikuti Tax Amnesty (Studi Kasus di Solo). Ekuitas: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan, 20(4), 415-433.
Solomon Consulting Group. (2018). Pertukaran Data Pajak Menyasar Rp 2.067
Triliun. Proscg.com. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from
http://www.proscg.com/main/news/1215/Pertukaran-Data-Pajak-Menyasar-Rp-2.067-Triliun
Supriadi, A. (2015). Koordinasi Pemerintah Dalam Memungut Pajak Dinilai Lemah. CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from https://cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20151213211443-78-97941/koordinasi-pemerintah-dalam-memungut-pajak-dinilai-lemah/
Suryokusumo, S. (2005). Yurisdiksi Negara vs Yurisdiksi Ekstrateritorial. Jurnal Hukum Internasional, 2(4), 685-694.
Teijeiro, G. O. (2016, October 27). The new context of fiscal transparency.
Retrieved October 24, 2017, from http://kluwertaxblog.com/2016/10/27/new-context-fiscal-transparency/
The Jakarta Post. (2017). Bank secrecy to end internationally in 2018: Sri Mulyani. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/19/bank-secrecy-to-end-internationally-in-2018-sri-mulyani.html
Uchitelle, E. (1989). The Effectiveness of Tax Amnesty Program in Selected Countries. Quarterly Review/Autumn, 48-53.
Vebriyanto, W. (2016). Fahmi Habsee: Tax Amnesty Terancam Gagal Gara-Gara
Ahok. rmol.co. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from http://politik.rmol.co/read/2016/11/01/266520/Fahmi-Habsee:-Tax-Amnesty-Terancam-Gagal-Gara-Gara-Ahok-
Wang, R. F., Irwin, T. C., & Murara, L. K. (2015, August). Working Paper: Trends in Fiscal Transparency: Evidence from a New Database of the Coverage of Fiscal Reporting. Retrieved October 24, 2017, from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Trends-in-Fiscal-Transparency-Evidence-from-a-New-Database-of-the-Coverage-of-Fiscal-43177
Wardiyanto, B. (2008). Kebijakan Pengampunan Pajak (Tax Amnesty) [Perspektif Kerangka Kerja Implementasi Sunset Policy Mendasarkan UU No 28 tahun 2007]. Jurnal Masyarakat, Kebudayaan, dan Politik, Volume XXI, Nomor 4, 328-335.
Wiwoho, B. (2017). Mengingat Kerusuhan Mei 1998, Mencegah Berulang. CNN
Indonesia. Retrieved 22 January 2018, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20170513121250-20-214520/mengingat-kerusuhan-mei-1998-mencegah-berulang
Wulandari, I. G., Wahyuni, M. A., & Sujana, E. (2017). Reaksi Investor dalam Pasar Modal terhadap Undang-Undang Tax Amnesty (Event Study pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar dalam LQ45 di Bursa Efek Indonesia). e-journal S1 Akuntansi Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, 7(1), 1-10.